9. ... which they held to their noses when they passed the worst sections of town.

10. It was only after hundreds of thousands had died from bubonic plaque and cholera that the link between disease and sewage was made. Finally, laws were passed forbidding people from using the streets as sewers.

11. Flush toilets, discreetly called water closets, were a major innovation of the 19th Century.

12. Sewerage lines were constructed in many European towns...

13. The sewerage pipelines merely chanelled the raw sewage straight into rivers and seas...

15. ... which resulted in many complaints...